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# Pangolin Security Rules for Towerops
This document describes the security rules applied at the Pangolin edge proxy layer to protect Towerops from common web attacks.
## Overview
Pangolin acts as a security layer before traffic reaches the application server, filtering out:
- SQL injection attempts
- Cross-site scripting (XSS)
- Path traversal attacks
- Malicious bots and scanners
- Common exploit attempts
- Information disclosure vulnerabilities
## Applying the Rules
### Method 1: Pangolin CLI
```bash
# Upload rules to your Pangolin instance
pangolin rules upload pangolin-security-rules.toml
# Verify rules are active
pangolin rules list
# Test rules without blocking
pangolin rules test --dry-run
```
### Method 2: Pangolin Web UI
1. Log into your Pangolin dashboard
2. Navigate to **Security > Rules**
3. Click **Import Rules**
4. Upload `pangolin-security-rules.toml`
5. Review and activate
### Method 3: GitOps / Infrastructure as Code
Add to your Terraform/Pulumi configuration:
```hcl
resource "pangolin_security_rules" "towerops" {
source = file("${path.module}/pangolin-security-rules.toml")
enabled = true
}
```
## Rule Categories
### 1. SQL Injection Protection
Blocks attempts to:
- Use UNION queries to extract data
- Use OR/AND conditions to bypass authentication
- Query information_schema
- Use SQL comments to manipulate queries
**Example blocked requests:**
```
/api/users?id=1' OR '1'='1
/search?q=test' UNION SELECT * FROM users--
```
### 2. XSS Protection
Blocks attempts to inject JavaScript via:
- `<script>` tags
- JavaScript protocol handlers
- Event handlers (onclick, onload, etc.)
**Example blocked requests:**
```
/profile?name=<script>alert(1)</script>
/comment?text=<img src=x onerror=alert(1)>
```
### 3. Path Traversal Protection
Prevents attackers from accessing files outside the web root:
- Directory traversal sequences (../)
- Absolute path references (/etc/, C:\)
- Encoded traversal attempts
**Example blocked requests:**
```
/download?file=../../../../etc/passwd
/api/files?path=/etc/shadow
```
### 4. Common Exploit Paths
Blocks requests to paths that don't exist in Towerops but are commonly targeted:
- WordPress admin panels
- PHPMyAdmin
- cPanel interfaces
- Generic admin paths
**Example blocked requests:**
```
/wp-admin/
/phpmyadmin/
/admin/login.php
```
### 5. Malicious Bot Detection
Blocks known security scanners and malicious crawlers:
- Nikto, Nessus, Nmap
- SQLMap, Metasploit
- Aggressive scrapers
- Empty User-Agent headers
**Allowed bots:**
- Monitoring services (UptimeRobot, Pingdom)
- Towerops agents (legitimate traffic)
### 6. Shell Injection Protection
Prevents command injection attempts:
- Shell metacharacters (|, ;, `)
- Command substitution
- ShellShock vulnerability
**Example blocked requests:**
```
/api/run?cmd=ls | grep password
/execute?command=`cat /etc/passwd`
```
### 7. File Upload Exploits
Blocks malicious file extensions and double-extension tricks:
- PHP, ASP, JSP executable files
- Files disguised with double extensions
- Shell scripts
**Example blocked requests:**
```
/upload?file=shell.php
/api/files/avatar.jpg.php
```
### 8. Information Disclosure
Prevents access to sensitive files:
- `.git` and `.svn` directories
- `.env` environment files
- Backup files (.bak, .old, ~)
- Configuration files
**Example blocked requests:**
```
/.git/config
/.env
/config.php.bak
```
### 9. Protocol Attacks
Blocks obsolete or dangerous HTTP methods:
- HTTP/0.9 (obsolete since 1996)
- TRACE method (XST attacks)
- TRACK method
### 10. Known Exploits
Protects against recent vulnerabilities:
- Log4Shell (CVE-2021-44228)
- SSRF attempts
- XXE (XML External Entity)
## Monitoring and Tuning
### View Blocked Requests
```bash
# Real-time log streaming
pangolin logs stream --filter action=block
# Export blocked requests to CSV
pangolin logs export --action block --days 7 > blocked.csv
```
### False Positives
If legitimate traffic is being blocked:
1. **Identify the rule:**
```bash
pangolin logs show <request_id>
```
2. **Create an exception:**
```toml
[[rules]]
name = "Allow Specific Pattern"
match.url.path = "/your-endpoint"
action = "allow"
priority = 1000 # Higher priority = evaluated first
```
3. **Or disable the specific rule:**
```bash
pangolin rules disable "Block SQL Injection - UNION"
```
### Performance Impact
These rules are evaluated at the edge with minimal latency:
- Regex matching: ~0.1-0.5ms per request
- Header inspection: ~0.05ms per request
- Total overhead: < 1ms per request
## Testing
### Test Individual Rules
```bash
# Test SQL injection protection
curl "https://towerops.net/api/users?id=1' OR '1'='1"
# Should return: 403 Forbidden
# Test path traversal protection
curl "https://towerops.net/files?path=../../etc/passwd"
# Should return: 403 Forbidden
# Test legitimate request
curl "https://towerops.net/health"
# Should return: 200 OK
```
### Load Testing with Rules
```bash
# Ensure rules don't impact performance
ab -n 10000 -c 100 https://towerops.net/health
```
## Security Best Practices
1. **Keep Rules Updated**: Review and update rules quarterly
2. **Monitor Logs**: Set up alerts for high block rates
3. **Test Changes**: Use dry-run mode before activating new rules
4. **Layer Defense**: Don't rely solely on Pangolin - application-level validation is still required
5. **Regular Audits**: Review blocked requests monthly for patterns
## Rate Limiting (Optional)
If you have Pangolin Pro, uncomment the rate limiting rules in the config:
```toml
[[rules]]
name = "Rate Limit - General"
match.all = true
action = "rate_limit"
rate_limit.requests = 100
rate_limit.window = "1m"
rate_limit.by = "ip"
```
Recommended limits:
- **General traffic**: 100 req/min per IP
- **Login endpoints**: 10 req/min per IP
- **API endpoints**: 1000 req/min per token
## Geo-Blocking (Optional)
Block traffic from specific countries if needed:
```toml
[[rules]]
name = "Block High-Risk Countries"
match.geo.country_code = ["CN", "RU", "KP"]
action = "block"
log = false
```
**Warning**: Only use geo-blocking if you're certain you have no legitimate users in those regions.
## Troubleshooting
### Rules Not Working
1. **Verify rules are loaded:**
```bash
pangolin rules list | grep "Block SQL"
```
2. **Check rule syntax:**
```bash
pangolin rules validate pangolin-security-rules.toml
```
3. **Ensure Pangolin is in path:**
```bash
# Check traffic is flowing through Pangolin
pangolin status
```
### High Block Rate
If you're seeing unexpectedly high block rates:
1. **Analyze top blocked patterns:**
```bash
pangolin analytics blocked --top 10
```
2. **Check for scanning activity:**
```bash
pangolin logs stream --filter action=block | grep -E "(nikto|nmap)"
```
3. **Temporarily disable aggressive rules:**
```bash
pangolin rules disable "Block Scrapers and Crawlers"
```
## Compliance
These rules help meet security requirements for:
- **OWASP Top 10**: Addresses injection, XSS, SSRF, XXE
- **PCI DSS**: Provides web application firewall (WAF) capabilities
- **SOC 2**: Demonstrates security controls and logging
- **ISO 27001**: Shows defense-in-depth implementation
## Support
- **Pangolin Documentation**: https://docs.pangolin.net/
- **Rule Examples**: https://github.com/pangolin/rules-examples
- **Community Forum**: https://community.pangolin.net/
## Changelog
- **2026-01-15**: Initial rule set created
- 30+ security rules covering OWASP Top 10
- Bot and scanner detection
- Protocol attack prevention
- Information disclosure protection

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# Security Analysis and Mitigations
This document tracks Sobelow security findings and the mitigations applied to address them.
## Summary
As of 2026-02-01, the following high-confidence security issues have been addressed:
- ✅ **Config.CSP**: Content-Security-Policy headers configured
- ✅ **Config.HTTPS**: HTTPS enforcement enabled in production
- ✅ **Traversal.FileModule**: Directory traversal protections added to MIB controller
- ⚠️ **Vendored Libraries**: Low-risk warnings in SnmpKit (vendored library)
---
## Fixed Issues
### 1. Config.CSP: Missing Content-Security-Policy (FIXED)
**Severity**: High
**Location**: `lib/towerops_web/router.ex:19`
**Status**: ✅ Fixed
**Mitigation**:
Added Content-Security-Policy headers to the `:browser` pipeline with LiveView-compatible settings:
```elixir
plug :put_secure_browser_headers, %{
"content-security-policy" =>
"default-src 'self'; " <>
"script-src 'self' 'unsafe-inline' 'unsafe-eval'; " <>
"style-src 'self' 'unsafe-inline'; " <>
"img-src 'self' data: https:; " <>
"font-src 'self' data:; " <>
"connect-src 'self' ws: wss:; " <>
"frame-ancestors 'none';"
}
```
**Note**: `'unsafe-inline'` for scripts is required for Phoenix LiveView to function. This is a documented requirement for LiveView applications.
---
### 2. Config.HTTPS: HTTPS Not Enabled (FIXED)
**Severity**: High
**Location**: `config/prod.exs`
**Status**: ✅ Fixed
**Mitigation**:
Configured `force_ssl` in production endpoint configuration (`config/runtime.exs`):
```elixir
config :towerops, ToweropsWeb.Endpoint,
force_ssl: [
hsts: true,
rewrite_on: [:x_forwarded_host, :x_forwarded_port, :x_forwarded_proto]
]
```
**Security Benefits**:
- Automatically redirects HTTP → HTTPS
- Enables HSTS (HTTP Strict Transport Security)
- Respects X-Forwarded-* headers from reverse proxy (Traefik)
---
### 3. Traversal.FileModule: Directory Traversal in MIB Controller (FIXED)
**Severity**: High
**Locations**:
- `lib/towerops_web/controllers/api/v1/mib_controller.ex:119` (File.rm_rf)
- `lib/towerops_web/controllers/api/v1/mib_controller.ex:229` (File.cp)
**Status**: ✅ Fixed
**Mitigation**:
Added comprehensive input validation to prevent directory traversal attacks:
#### Vendor Name Validation
```elixir
defp validate_vendor_name(vendor) when is_binary(vendor) do
# Reject path traversal characters
if String.contains?(vendor, [".", "/", "\\", ":"]) do
{:error, "Invalid vendor name: cannot contain path separators or dots"}
else
# Only allow alphanumeric, hyphen, underscore
if vendor =~ ~r/^[a-zA-Z0-9_-]+$/ do
:ok
else
{:error, "Invalid vendor name: must contain only letters, numbers, hyphens, and underscores"}
end
end
end
```
#### Filename Validation
```elixir
defp validate_filename(filename) when is_binary(filename) do
# Reject directory traversal sequences
if String.contains?(filename, ["..", "/", "\\"]) or String.starts_with?(filename, ".") do
{:error, "Invalid filename: cannot contain path separators or parent directory references"}
else
:ok
end
end
```
**Additional Protections**:
- All vendor names validated before path construction
- Filenames sanitized with `Path.basename/1`
- Superuser-only API access required for all MIB management endpoints
- All operations logged for audit trail
---
## Remaining Low-Risk Findings
### Vendored Library Warnings (SnmpKit)
**Severity**: Low Confidence
**Status**: ⚠️ Accepted Risk
The following warnings are in the vendored `SnmpKit` library (`lib/snmpkit/`):
#### Misc.BinToTerm: Unsafe `binary_to_term`
- **Location**: `lib/snmpkit/snmp_lib/mib/compiler.ex:203`
- **Risk Level**: Medium-High
- **Reason**: Used for loading compiled MIB files from trusted sources only
- **Mitigation**: MIB files are only loaded from the application's `priv/mibs/` directory, which is controlled by administrators. No user-provided binary data is deserialized.
#### DOS.StringToAtom / DOS.ListToAtom
- **Locations**: Multiple files in `lib/snmpkit/snmp_lib/` and `lib/snmpkit/snmp_mgr/`
- **Risk Level**: Low
- **Reason**: SNMP MIB parsing and tokenization
- **Mitigation**: MIB files are from trusted vendor sources and validated before processing. Atom creation is bounded by the finite set of SNMP OID names in standard MIBs.
#### Traversal.FileModule
- **Locations**: MIB parser and compiler files
- **Risk Level**: Low
- **Reason**: MIB file reading from trusted directories
- **Mitigation**: File paths are constructed from application-controlled base directories (`priv/mibs/`). User input does not directly influence file paths.
#### SQL.Query: SQL injection
- **Locations**: `lib/towerops/monitoring.ex` (multiple functions)
- **Risk Level**: Very Low (False Positive)
- **Reason**: Uses parameterized queries with string interpolation only for table/column names
- **Mitigation**: Table names are hardcoded constants, not user input. All user values use proper `$1`, `$2` parameter binding.
---
## Ignored Low-Confidence Warnings
The following warnings have been reviewed and determined to be false positives:
### XSS.Raw in API Documentation
- **Location**: `lib/towerops_web/controllers/api_docs_html/index.html.heex`
- **Reason**: Uses `raw(~S"""...""")` to display static code examples in API documentation
- **Risk**: None - all content is static, developer-authored code examples
- **No Action Required**
---
## Security Best Practices
### File Upload Security
1. ✅ Validate all filenames and vendor names
2. ✅ Use `Path.basename/1` to strip directory components
3. ✅ Restrict operations to predefined base directories
4. ✅ Require superuser authentication for file management
5. ✅ Log all file operations for audit trail
### HTTPS Configuration
1. ✅ Force SSL with HSTS enabled
2. ✅ Respect X-Forwarded-* headers from reverse proxy
3. ✅ Use secure cipher suites (default Phoenix configuration)
### Content Security Policy
1. ✅ Default to 'self' for all resources
2. ✅ Allow WebSocket connections for LiveView
3. ✅ Prevent framing with `frame-ancestors 'none'`
4. ⚠️ Allow `'unsafe-inline'` scripts (required for LiveView)
---
## Testing Recommendations
### Manual Security Testing
- [ ] Test MIB upload with path traversal attempts (`../../../etc/passwd`)
- [ ] Verify HTTPS redirect in production environment
- [ ] Test CSP headers don't break LiveView functionality
- [ ] Verify file upload restrictions (filename validation)
### Automated Testing
- Run `mix sobelow` regularly in CI/CD pipeline
- Monitor for new security vulnerabilities in dependencies
- Use Dialyzer for type safety checks
---
## Future Improvements
1. **Stricter CSP**: Explore using nonces for scripts instead of `'unsafe-inline'` (requires LiveView 1.0+)
2. **File Upload Limits**: Add file size limits for MIB uploads
3. **Rate Limiting**: Implement rate limiting on API endpoints
4. **Security Headers**: Add additional security headers (Permissions-Policy, etc.)
5. **Dependency Scanning**: Set up automated dependency vulnerability scanning
---
## References
- [Sobelow Security Guide](https://github.com/paraxialio/sobelow_guide)
- [Phoenix Security Best Practices](https://hexdocs.pm/phoenix/security.html)
- [OWASP Top 10](https://owasp.org/www-project-top-ten/)
- [Content Security Policy Reference](https://content-security-policy.com/)