diff --git a/assets/js/propagation_map_hook.js b/assets/js/propagation_map_hook.js
index 9b06f204..9442b405 100644
--- a/assets/js/propagation_map_hook.js
+++ b/assets/js/propagation_map_hook.js
@@ -29,7 +29,73 @@ function factorBar(score) {
   const filled = Math.round(score / 5)
   const empty = 20 - filled
   const tier = scoreTier(score)
-  return `<span style="color:${tier.color}">${"\u2588".repeat(filled)}</span><span style="color:#555">${"\u2591".repeat(empty)}</span>`
+  return `<span style="color:${tier.color}">${"\u2588".repeat(filled)}</span><span style="color:rgba(255,255,255,0.2)">${"\u2591".repeat(empty)}</span>`
+}
+
+function factorExplanation(key, score, detail) {
+  const beneficial = detail.humidity_effect === "beneficial"
+  const band = detail.band_label || ""
+
+  switch (key) {
+    case "humidity":
+      if (beneficial) {
+        if (score >= 80) return "High moisture — strong ducting potential"
+        if (score >= 55) return "Moderate moisture — some ducting possible"
+        return "Dry air — ducting unlikely"
+      } else {
+        if (score >= 80) return "Low humidity — minimal absorption"
+        if (score >= 50) return "Moderate humidity — some absorption"
+        return "High humidity — significant absorption at this frequency"
+      }
+    case "time_of_day":
+      if (score >= 80) return "Sunrise window — peak inversion strength"
+      if (score >= 65) return "Evening/post-sunrise — inversions forming or eroding"
+      if (score >= 40) return "Night — gradual cooling, weak inversions"
+      return "Afternoon — convective mixing destroys inversions"
+    case "td_depression":
+      if (beneficial) {
+        if (score >= 75) return "Tight depression — moist boundary layer favors ducting"
+        if (score >= 50) return "Moderate spread — some moisture present"
+        return "Wide spread — dry air limits ducting formation"
+      } else {
+        if (score >= 80) return "Wide spread — dry air reduces absorption"
+        if (score >= 50) return "Moderate spread"
+        return "Tight depression — moisture increasing absorption"
+      }
+    case "refractivity":
+      if (score >= 80) return "Strong inversion gradient — ducting layer detected"
+      if (score >= 60) return "Moderate gradient — enhanced refraction"
+      if (score >= 45) return "Weak gradient — near standard atmosphere"
+      return "No significant inversion — standard refraction"
+    case "sky":
+      if (score >= 80) return "Clear skies — radiative cooling strengthens inversions"
+      if (score >= 50) return "Partly cloudy — some radiative cooling"
+      return "Overcast — clouds prevent inversion formation"
+    case "season":
+      if (beneficial) {
+        if (score >= 70) return "Peak ducting season (summer months)"
+        if (score >= 40) return "Transitional season — moderate ducting"
+        return "Weakest season for ducting at this frequency"
+      } else {
+        if (score >= 70) return "Peak season — cool, dry conditions"
+        if (score >= 40) return "Transitional season"
+        return "Summer humidity degrades propagation at this frequency"
+      }
+    case "wind":
+      if (score >= 80) return "Calm winds — inversions preserved"
+      if (score >= 55) return "Light winds — minor mixing"
+      return "Strong winds — turbulent mixing destroys inversions"
+    case "rain":
+      if (score >= 90) return "No rain — no path attenuation"
+      if (score >= 50) return "Light rain — minor attenuation"
+      return "Heavy rain — significant path loss"
+    case "pressure":
+      if (score >= 70) return "Rising pressure — increasing stability favors inversions"
+      if (score >= 55) return "Steady pressure — stable conditions"
+      return "Falling pressure — instability weakens inversions"
+    default:
+      return ""
+  }
 }
 
 function rangeEstimate(score, detail) {
@@ -40,12 +106,26 @@ function rangeEstimate(score, detail) {
   return `<${Math.round(detail.typical_range_km * 0.4)} km`
 }
 
-function buildPopupHTML(detail) {
+function buildLoadingHTML(detail) {
+  const tier = scoreTier(detail.score)
+  return `<div style="min-width:260px;">
+    <div style="background:${tier.color};color:#000;padding:6px 10px;display:flex;justify-content:space-between;align-items:baseline;">
+      <strong style="font-size:16px;">${detail.score}/100</strong>
+      <span style="font-size:13px;font-weight:700;">${tier.label}</span>
+    </div>
+    <div style="padding:8px 10px;font-size:12px;color:#999;display:flex;align-items:center;gap:6px;">
+      <span class="loading loading-spinner loading-xs"></span> Loading&hellip;
+    </div>
+  </div>`
+}
+
+function buildPopupHTML(detail, viewshedLoading) {
   const tier = scoreTier(detail.score)
   const range = rangeEstimate(detail.score, detail)
   const time = new Date(detail.valid_time).toISOString().replace("T", " ").slice(0, 16) + " UTC"
 
   let rows = ""
+  let explanations = ""
   for (const key of FACTOR_ORDER) {
     const meta = FACTOR_META[key]
     const value = detail.factors[key]
@@ -55,24 +135,39 @@ function buildPopupHTML(detail) {
       <td style="padding:1px 6px 1px 0;white-space:nowrap;font-size:11px;">${meta.label}</td>
       <td style="padding:1px 4px;font-family:monospace;font-size:11px;letter-spacing:-0.5px;">${factorBar(value)}</td>
       <td style="padding:1px 4px;text-align:right;font-size:11px;font-weight:600;">${value}</td>
-      <td style="padding:1px 4px;font-size:10px;color:#888;">(${pct}%)</td>
+      <td style="padding:1px 4px;font-size:10px;opacity:0.5;">(${pct}%)</td>
     </tr>`
+    const expl = factorExplanation(key, value, detail)
+    const eTier = scoreTier(value)
+    explanations += `<div style="padding:2px 0;font-size:12px;display:flex;gap:6px;">
+      <span style="color:${eTier.color};flex-shrink:0;">\u25CF</span>
+      <span><strong>${meta.label}:</strong> ${expl}</span>
+    </div>`
   }
 
-  return `<div style="color:#333;min-width:280px;">
-    <div style="background:${tier.color};color:#000;padding:6px 10px;margin:-1px -1px 0 -1px;border-radius:4px 4px 0 0;display:flex;justify-content:space-between;align-items:baseline;">
+  const viewshedStatus = viewshedLoading
+    ? `<div style="padding:4px 10px 6px;font-size:11px;opacity:0.6;border-top:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.15);display:flex;align-items:center;gap:6px;"><span class="loading loading-spinner loading-xs"></span> Computing terrain coverage&hellip;</div>`
+    : ""
+
+  return `<div style="min-width:260px;">
+    <div style="background:${tier.color};color:#000;padding:6px 10px;display:flex;justify-content:space-between;align-items:baseline;">
       <strong style="font-size:16px;">${detail.score}/100</strong>
       <span style="font-size:13px;font-weight:700;">${tier.label}</span>
     </div>
     <div style="padding:6px 10px;">
-      <div style="font-size:12px;color:#666;margin-bottom:6px;">
+      <div style="font-size:12px;opacity:0.7;margin-bottom:6px;">
         ${detail.band_label} &mdash; Est. range: ${range} (CW)<br>
         ${detail.lat.toFixed(3)}\u00b0N, ${Math.abs(detail.lon).toFixed(3)}\u00b0W &mdash; ${time}
       </div>
-      <table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-top:1px solid #ddd;padding-top:4px;">
+      <table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-top:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.15);padding-top:4px;">
         ${rows}
       </table>
     </div>
+    <div style="padding:6px 10px;border-top:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.15);">
+      <div style="font-size:10px;font-weight:700;opacity:0.5;margin-bottom:4px;text-transform:uppercase;letter-spacing:0.5px;">Analysis</div>
+      ${explanations}
+    </div>
+    ${viewshedStatus}
   </div>`
 }
 
@@ -216,7 +311,6 @@ export const PropagationMap = {
 
     this.scoreOverlay = null
     this.scores = []
-    this.detailPopup = L.popup({ maxWidth: 340 })
 
     this.colorScale = [
       { min: 80, r: 0, g: 255, b: 163 },
@@ -269,9 +363,14 @@ export const PropagationMap = {
     // Click on map to request viewshed + factor detail from server
     this.map.on("click", (e) => {
       this.rangeCircles.clearLayers()
+      this.viewshedLoading = true
+      this.lastDetail = null
+
+      // Remember click location for the center marker
+      this.clickedLatLng = [e.latlng.lat, e.latlng.lng]
 
       // Show a temporary marker while computing
-      L.circleMarker([e.latlng.lat, e.latlng.lng], {
+      L.circleMarker(this.clickedLatLng, {
         radius: 6,
         color: "#fff",
         weight: 2,
@@ -283,25 +382,38 @@ export const PropagationMap = {
       // Always request terrain viewshed
       this.pushEvent("compute_viewshed", { lat: e.latlng.lat, lon: e.latlng.lng })
 
-      // Also request propagation detail if grid data exists
+      // Show panel immediately with whatever we have client-side
       const basic = this.lookupPoint(e.latlng.lat, e.latlng.lng)
-      if (basic) {
+      if (basic && this.detailPanel) {
+        const merged = { ...basic, ...this.bandInfo, factors: null }
+        this.detailPanel.innerHTML = buildLoadingHTML(merged)
+        this.detailPanel.style.display = "block"
         this.pushEvent("point_detail", { lat: e.latlng.lat, lon: e.latlng.lng })
       }
     })
 
+    // Detail panel below sidebar instead of map popup
+    this.detailPanel = document.getElementById("detail-panel")
+    this.viewshedLoading = false
+    this.lastDetail = null
+
     this.handleEvent("point_detail", (detail) => {
-      if (detail) {
+      if (detail && this.detailPanel) {
         const merged = { ...detail, ...this.bandInfo }
-        this.detailPopup
-          .setLatLng([detail.lat, detail.lon])
-          .setContent(buildPopupHTML(merged))
-          .openOn(this.map)
+        this.lastDetail = merged
+        this.detailPanel.innerHTML = buildPopupHTML(merged, this.viewshedLoading)
+        this.detailPanel.style.display = "block"
       }
     })
 
     this.handleEvent("viewshed_result", ({ origin, points }) => {
       this.rangeCircles.clearLayers()
+      this.viewshedLoading = false
+
+      // Re-render panel without loading indicator
+      if (this.lastDetail && this.detailPanel) {
+        this.detailPanel.innerHTML = buildPopupHTML(this.lastDetail, false)
+      }
 
       if (points && points.length > 0) {
         const latlngs = points.map(p => [p.lat, p.lon])
@@ -315,26 +427,23 @@ export const PropagationMap = {
           interactive: false,
           smoothFactor: 1
         }).addTo(this.rangeCircles)
-
-        // Center marker colored by score tier if available
-        const basic = this.lookupPoint(origin.lat, origin.lon)
-        const markerColor = basic ? scoreTier(basic.score).color : "#888"
-
-        L.circleMarker([origin.lat, origin.lon], {
-          radius: 6,
-          color: "#fff",
-          weight: 2,
-          fillColor: markerColor,
-          fillOpacity: 1,
-          interactive: false
-        }).addTo(this.rangeCircles)
       }
+
+      // Always redraw center marker at clicked location
+      const loc = this.clickedLatLng || [origin.lat, origin.lon]
+      const basic = this.lookupPoint(loc[0], loc[1])
+      const markerColor = basic ? scoreTier(basic.score).color : "#888"
+
+      L.circleMarker(loc, {
+        radius: 6,
+        color: "#fff",
+        weight: 2,
+        fillColor: markerColor,
+        fillOpacity: 1,
+        interactive: false
+      }).addTo(this.rangeCircles)
     })
 
-    this.map.on("popupclose", () => this.rangeCircles.clearLayers())
-
-    // Close popup on double-click so zoom works through it
-    this.map.on("dblclick", () => this.map.closePopup())
 
     this.el.addEventListener("show-loading", () => topbar.show(300))
 
diff --git a/lib/microwaveprop/terrain/viewshed.ex b/lib/microwaveprop/terrain/viewshed.ex
index ba848805..e789ec0c 100644
--- a/lib/microwaveprop/terrain/viewshed.ex
+++ b/lib/microwaveprop/terrain/viewshed.ex
@@ -51,6 +51,48 @@ defmodule Microwaveprop.Terrain.Viewshed do
     end
   end
 
+  @doc """
+  Compute effective reach accounting for both terrain and propagation conditions.
+  Higher propagation scores indicate ducting potential, which lets signals
+  propagate beyond terrain obstructions via atmospheric waveguide.
+  """
+  def effective_reach_km(analysis, max_range_km, score) do
+    case analysis.verdict do
+      "CLEAR" ->
+        max_range_km
+
+      "FRESNEL_MINOR" ->
+        max_range_km * 0.9
+
+      "FRESNEL_PARTIAL" ->
+        max_range_km * 0.7
+
+      "BLOCKED" ->
+        terrain_factor = terrain_reach_factor(analysis.diffraction_db)
+        ducting_factor = ducting_reach_factor(score)
+        max_range_km * max(terrain_factor, ducting_factor)
+    end
+  end
+
+  # Convert diffraction loss to a range reduction factor (0.0–1.0).
+  # Mild diffraction still allows significant propagation;
+  # heavy blockage attenuates sharply.
+  defp terrain_reach_factor(db) when db <= 3, do: 0.8
+  defp terrain_reach_factor(db) when db <= 6, do: 0.5
+  defp terrain_reach_factor(db) when db <= 12, do: 0.3
+  defp terrain_reach_factor(db) when db <= 20, do: 0.15
+  defp terrain_reach_factor(_db), do: 0.05
+
+  # Higher propagation scores mean stronger ducting potential —
+  # signals can ride atmospheric layers over terrain obstacles.
+  # Returns a floor factor so blocked paths still get range
+  # proportional to atmospheric conditions.
+  defp ducting_reach_factor(score) when score >= 80, do: 0.7
+  defp ducting_reach_factor(score) when score >= 65, do: 0.5
+  defp ducting_reach_factor(score) when score >= 50, do: 0.3
+  defp ducting_reach_factor(score) when score >= 33, do: 0.15
+  defp ducting_reach_factor(_score), do: 0.05
+
   @doc """
   Compute a terrain viewshed from a point. Returns a map with :origin
   and :boundary (list of %{bearing, reach_km, lat, lon}).
@@ -66,6 +108,7 @@ defmodule Microwaveprop.Terrain.Viewshed do
     freq_ghz = Keyword.get(opts, :freq_ghz, 10.0)
     max_range_km = Keyword.get(opts, :max_range_km, @default_max_range_km)
     ant_height_m = Keyword.get(opts, :ant_height_m, 2.4)
+    score = Keyword.get(opts, :score, 50)
     angular_step = Keyword.get(opts, :angular_step, @default_angular_step)
     tiles_dir = Keyword.get(opts, :tiles_dir, srtm_tiles_dir())
 
@@ -75,7 +118,7 @@ defmodule Microwaveprop.Terrain.Viewshed do
       bearings
       |> Task.async_stream(
         fn bearing ->
-          compute_ray(lat, lon, bearing, freq_ghz, max_range_km, ant_height_m, tiles_dir)
+          compute_ray(lat, lon, bearing, freq_ghz, max_range_km, ant_height_m, score, tiles_dir)
         end,
         max_concurrency: System.schedulers_online(),
         timeout: 30_000,
@@ -100,26 +143,37 @@ defmodule Microwaveprop.Terrain.Viewshed do
     %{reach_km: reach_km, verdict: analysis.verdict}
   end
 
-  defp compute_ray(origin_lat, origin_lon, bearing, freq_ghz, max_range_km, ant_height_m, tiles_dir) do
-    {end_lat, end_lon} = destination_point(origin_lat, origin_lon, bearing, max_range_km)
+  defp compute_ray(origin_lat, origin_lon, bearing, freq_ghz, max_range_km, ant_height_m, score, tiles_dir) do
+    # Check terrain within the radio horizon where terrain features matter.
+    # Beyond this, propagation is atmospheric (ducting/scatter) and terrain
+    # doesn't block — earth curvature is handled by the atmosphere.
+    terrain_check_km = min(radio_horizon_km(ant_height_m) * 2.0, max_range_km)
+    {end_lat, end_lon} = destination_point(origin_lat, origin_lon, bearing, terrain_check_km)
 
     case Srtm.fetch_elevation_profile(origin_lat, origin_lon, end_lat, end_lon, tiles_dir) do
       {:ok, profile} ->
-        result = analyse_ray(profile, max_range_km, freq_ghz, ant_height_m, ant_height_m)
-        {reach_lat, reach_lon} = destination_point(origin_lat, origin_lon, bearing, result.reach_km)
+        analysis = TerrainAnalysis.analyse(profile, terrain_check_km, freq_ghz, ant_height_m, ant_height_m)
+        reach_km = effective_reach_km(analysis, max_range_km, score)
+        {reach_lat, reach_lon} = destination_point(origin_lat, origin_lon, bearing, reach_km)
 
         %{
           bearing: bearing,
-          reach_km: result.reach_km,
+          reach_km: reach_km,
           lat: reach_lat,
           lon: reach_lon
         }
 
       {:error, _} ->
-        %{bearing: bearing, reach_km: max_range_km, lat: end_lat, lon: end_lon}
+        {end_lat2, end_lon2} = destination_point(origin_lat, origin_lon, bearing, max_range_km)
+        %{bearing: bearing, reach_km: max_range_km, lat: end_lat2, lon: end_lon2}
     end
   end
 
+  # Radio horizon distance in km for a given antenna height (K=4/3 atmosphere)
+  defp radio_horizon_km(height_m) do
+    :math.sqrt(2 * (4 / 3) * @earth_radius_km * 1000 * height_m) / 1000
+  end
+
   defp srtm_tiles_dir do
     Application.get_env(:microwaveprop, :srtm_tiles_dir, Path.expand("~/srtm/tiles"))
   end
diff --git a/lib/microwaveprop_web/live/map_live.ex b/lib/microwaveprop_web/live/map_live.ex
index 8df90855..e2ace4fa 100644
--- a/lib/microwaveprop_web/live/map_live.ex
+++ b/lib/microwaveprop_web/live/map_live.ex
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ defmodule MicrowavepropWeb.MapLive do
        valid_time: valid_time,
        bounds: @initial_bounds,
        grid_visible: false,
-       antenna_height_ft: 8
+       antenna_height_ft: 33
      )}
   end
 
@@ -91,17 +91,27 @@ defmodule MicrowavepropWeb.MapLive do
   end
 
   def handle_event("compute_viewshed", %{"lat" => lat, "lon" => lon}, socket) do
-    band_config = BandConfig.get(socket.assigns.selected_band)
-    freq_ghz = socket.assigns.selected_band / 1_000
+    band_mhz = socket.assigns.selected_band
+    band_config = BandConfig.get(band_mhz)
+    freq_ghz = band_mhz / 1_000
     ant_height_m = socket.assigns.antenna_height_ft * 0.3048
-    max_range_km = min(band_config.typical_range_km, 100)
+
+    # Use propagation score to determine atmospheric range potential
+    score =
+      case Propagation.point_detail(band_mhz, lat, lon) do
+        %{score: s} -> s
+        _ -> 50
+      end
+
+    max_range_km = score_range_km(score, band_config)
 
     socket =
       start_async(socket, :viewshed, fn ->
         Viewshed.compute(lat, lon,
           freq_ghz: freq_ghz,
           ant_height_m: ant_height_m,
-          max_range_km: max_range_km
+          max_range_km: max_range_km,
+          score: score
         )
       end)
 
@@ -139,6 +149,16 @@ defmodule MicrowavepropWeb.MapLive do
     {:noreply, socket}
   end
 
+  defp score_range_km(score, config) do
+    cond do
+      score >= 80 -> config.exceptional_range_km
+      score >= 65 -> config.extended_range_km
+      score >= 50 -> config.typical_range_km
+      score >= 33 -> round(config.typical_range_km * 0.6)
+      true -> round(config.typical_range_km * 0.3)
+    end
+  end
+
   defp band_info(band_mhz) do
     config = BandConfig.get(band_mhz)
 
@@ -146,7 +166,9 @@ defmodule MicrowavepropWeb.MapLive do
       band_label: config.label,
       typical_range_km: config.typical_range_km,
       extended_range_km: config.extended_range_km,
-      exceptional_range_km: config.exceptional_range_km
+      exceptional_range_km: config.exceptional_range_km,
+      humidity_effect: to_string(config.humidity_effect),
+      freq_mhz: config.freq_mhz
     }
   end
 
@@ -257,6 +279,14 @@ defmodule MicrowavepropWeb.MapLive do
             </.link>
           </div>
         </div>
+
+        <%!-- Point detail panel (populated by JS on click) --%>
+        <div
+          id="detail-panel"
+          class="bg-neutral text-neutral-content shadow rounded-box border border-base-300 overflow-hidden"
+          style="display:none;"
+        >
+        </div>
       </div>
     </div>