diff --git a/lib/microwaveprop/geocoder.ex b/lib/microwaveprop/geocoder.ex
index 5fb0338e..b84331b2 100644
--- a/lib/microwaveprop/geocoder.ex
+++ b/lib/microwaveprop/geocoder.ex
@@ -7,20 +7,25 @@ defmodule Microwaveprop.Geocoder do
 
   @spec geocode(String.t()) :: {:ok, %{lat: float(), lon: float()}} | {:error, String.t()}
   def geocode(address) do
-    case Req.get(client(), url: "/maps/api/geocode/json", params: [address: address, key: api_key()]) do
-      {:ok, %{status: 200, body: %{"status" => "OK", "results" => [first | _]}}} ->
-        %{"geometry" => %{"location" => %{"lat" => lat, "lng" => lon}}} = first
-        {:ok, %{lat: lat, lon: lon}}
+    Microwaveprop.Instrument.span([:geocoder, :geocode], %{}, fn ->
+      case Req.get(client(),
+             url: "/maps/api/geocode/json",
+             params: [address: address, key: api_key()]
+           ) do
+        {:ok, %{status: 200, body: %{"status" => "OK", "results" => [first | _]}}} ->
+          %{"geometry" => %{"location" => %{"lat" => lat, "lng" => lon}}} = first
+          {:ok, %{lat: lat, lon: lon}}
 
-      {:ok, %{status: 200, body: %{"status" => "ZERO_RESULTS"}}} ->
-        {:error, "No results found"}
+        {:ok, %{status: 200, body: %{"status" => "ZERO_RESULTS"}}} ->
+          {:error, "No results found"}
 
-      {:ok, %{status: 200, body: %{"status" => status}}} ->
-        {:error, "Geocoding failed: #{status}"}
+        {:ok, %{status: 200, body: %{"status" => status}}} ->
+          {:error, "Geocoding failed: #{status}"}
 
-      {:error, reason} ->
-        {:error, "Geocoding request failed: #{inspect(reason)}"}
-    end
+        {:error, reason} ->
+          {:error, "Geocoding request failed: #{inspect(reason)}"}
+      end
+    end)
   end
 
   defp client do
diff --git a/lib/microwaveprop/ionosphere/giro_client.ex b/lib/microwaveprop/ionosphere/giro_client.ex
index 6fcc2803..c08d8f8e 100644
--- a/lib/microwaveprop/ionosphere/giro_client.ex
+++ b/lib/microwaveprop/ionosphere/giro_client.ex
@@ -53,18 +53,20 @@ defmodule Microwaveprop.Ionosphere.GiroClient do
   @spec fetch(String.t(), DateTime.t(), DateTime.t()) ::
           {:ok, [observation()]} | {:error, term()}
   def fetch(ursi_code, %DateTime{} = from_dt, %DateTime{} = to_dt) do
-    url = build_url(ursi_code, from_dt, to_dt)
+    Microwaveprop.Instrument.span([:giro, :fetch], %{station: ursi_code}, fn ->
+      url = build_url(ursi_code, from_dt, to_dt)
 
-    case Req.get(url, [receive_timeout: @default_timeout_ms] ++ req_options()) do
-      {:ok, %{status: 200, body: body}} when is_binary(body) ->
-        parse_tabular(body)
+      case Req.get(url, [receive_timeout: @default_timeout_ms] ++ req_options()) do
+        {:ok, %{status: 200, body: body}} when is_binary(body) ->
+          parse_tabular(body)
 
-      {:ok, %{status: status, body: body}} ->
-        {:error, "GIRO HTTP #{status}: #{inspect(body)}"}
+        {:ok, %{status: status, body: body}} ->
+          {:error, "GIRO HTTP #{status}: #{inspect(body)}"}
 
-      {:error, reason} ->
-        {:error, "GIRO request failed: #{inspect(reason)}"}
-    end
+        {:error, reason} ->
+          {:error, "GIRO request failed: #{inspect(reason)}"}
+      end
+    end)
   end
 
   @doc """
diff --git a/lib/microwaveprop/prom_ex/instrument_plugin.ex b/lib/microwaveprop/prom_ex/instrument_plugin.ex
index a5ca08a5..45cd56e4 100644
--- a/lib/microwaveprop/prom_ex/instrument_plugin.ex
+++ b/lib/microwaveprop/prom_ex/instrument_plugin.ex
@@ -13,8 +13,13 @@ defmodule Microwaveprop.PromEx.InstrumentPlugin do
   def event_metrics(_opts) do
     [
       http_client_events(),
+      more_http_client_events(),
+      subprocess_events(),
       db_batch_events(),
       worker_phase_events(),
+      top_level_worker_events(),
+      liveview_hot_path_events(),
+      cache_hit_events(),
       oban_queue_depth_event()
     ]
   end
@@ -96,6 +101,183 @@ defmodule Microwaveprop.PromEx.InstrumentPlugin do
     )
   end
 
+  defp more_http_client_events do
+    Event.build(
+      :microwaveprop_more_http_client_events,
+      [
+        distribution("microwaveprop.iem.fetch_iemre.duration.milliseconds",
+          event_name: [:microwaveprop, :iem, :fetch_iemre, :stop],
+          measurement: :duration,
+          unit: {:native, :millisecond},
+          reporter_options: [buckets: default_buckets()]
+        ),
+        distribution("microwaveprop.mrms.list_latest.duration.milliseconds",
+          event_name: [:microwaveprop, :mrms, :list_latest, :stop],
+          measurement: :duration,
+          unit: {:native, :millisecond},
+          reporter_options: [buckets: default_buckets()]
+        ),
+        distribution("microwaveprop.mrms.download.duration.milliseconds",
+          event_name: [:microwaveprop, :mrms, :download, :stop],
+          measurement: :duration,
+          unit: {:native, :millisecond},
+          reporter_options: [buckets: default_buckets()]
+        ),
+        distribution("microwaveprop.rtma.fetch_observation.duration.milliseconds",
+          event_name: [:microwaveprop, :rtma, :fetch_observation, :stop],
+          measurement: :duration,
+          unit: {:native, :millisecond},
+          reporter_options: [buckets: default_buckets()]
+        ),
+        distribution("microwaveprop.ncei.fetch_metar.duration.milliseconds",
+          event_name: [:microwaveprop, :ncei, :fetch_metar, :stop],
+          measurement: :duration,
+          unit: {:native, :millisecond},
+          reporter_options: [buckets: default_buckets()]
+        ),
+        distribution("microwaveprop.solar.fetch_indices.duration.milliseconds",
+          event_name: [:microwaveprop, :solar, :fetch_indices, :stop],
+          measurement: :duration,
+          unit: {:native, :millisecond},
+          reporter_options: [buckets: default_buckets()]
+        ),
+        distribution("microwaveprop.swpc.fetch.duration.milliseconds",
+          event_name: [:microwaveprop, :swpc, :fetch, :stop],
+          measurement: :duration,
+          unit: {:native, :millisecond},
+          reporter_options: [buckets: default_buckets()]
+        ),
+        distribution("microwaveprop.giro.fetch.duration.milliseconds",
+          event_name: [:microwaveprop, :giro, :fetch, :stop],
+          measurement: :duration,
+          unit: {:native, :millisecond},
+          reporter_options: [buckets: default_buckets()]
+        ),
+        distribution("microwaveprop.qrz.request.duration.milliseconds",
+          event_name: [:microwaveprop, :qrz, :request, :stop],
+          measurement: :duration,
+          unit: {:native, :millisecond},
+          reporter_options: [buckets: default_buckets()]
+        ),
+        distribution("microwaveprop.geocoder.geocode.duration.milliseconds",
+          event_name: [:microwaveprop, :geocoder, :geocode, :stop],
+          measurement: :duration,
+          unit: {:native, :millisecond},
+          reporter_options: [buckets: default_buckets()]
+        ),
+        distribution("microwaveprop.srtm.download_tile.duration.milliseconds",
+          event_name: [:microwaveprop, :srtm, :download_tile, :stop],
+          measurement: :duration,
+          unit: {:native, :millisecond},
+          reporter_options: [buckets: default_buckets()]
+        ),
+        distribution("microwaveprop.hrrr.download_grib_ranges.duration.milliseconds",
+          event_name: [:microwaveprop, :hrrr, :download_grib_ranges, :stop],
+          measurement: :duration,
+          unit: {:native, :millisecond},
+          reporter_options: [buckets: default_buckets()]
+        )
+      ]
+    )
+  end
+
+  defp subprocess_events do
+    Event.build(
+      :microwaveprop_subprocess_events,
+      [
+        distribution("microwaveprop.wgrib2.extract_grid.duration.milliseconds",
+          event_name: [:microwaveprop, :wgrib2, :extract_grid, :stop],
+          measurement: :duration,
+          unit: {:native, :millisecond},
+          reporter_options: [buckets: long_buckets()]
+        ),
+        distribution("microwaveprop.wgrib2.extract_grid_from_file.duration.milliseconds",
+          event_name: [:microwaveprop, :wgrib2, :extract_grid_from_file, :stop],
+          measurement: :duration,
+          unit: {:native, :millisecond},
+          reporter_options: [buckets: long_buckets()]
+        ),
+        distribution("microwaveprop.wgrib2.extract_grid_from_file_mapped.duration.milliseconds",
+          event_name: [:microwaveprop, :wgrib2, :extract_grid_from_file_mapped, :stop],
+          measurement: :duration,
+          unit: {:native, :millisecond},
+          reporter_options: [buckets: long_buckets()]
+        )
+      ]
+    )
+  end
+
+  defp top_level_worker_events do
+    Event.build(
+      :microwaveprop_top_level_worker_events,
+      [
+        distribution("microwaveprop.worker.terrain_profile.duration.milliseconds",
+          event_name: [:microwaveprop, :worker, :terrain_profile, :stop],
+          measurement: :duration,
+          unit: {:native, :millisecond},
+          reporter_options: [buckets: default_buckets()]
+        ),
+        distribution("microwaveprop.worker.mechanism_classify.duration.milliseconds",
+          event_name: [:microwaveprop, :worker, :mechanism_classify, :stop],
+          measurement: :duration,
+          unit: {:native, :millisecond},
+          reporter_options: [buckets: default_buckets()]
+        ),
+        distribution("microwaveprop.worker.mrms_fetch.duration.milliseconds",
+          event_name: [:microwaveprop, :worker, :mrms_fetch, :stop],
+          measurement: :duration,
+          unit: {:native, :millisecond},
+          reporter_options: [buckets: long_buckets()]
+        )
+      ]
+    )
+  end
+
+  defp liveview_hot_path_events do
+    Event.build(
+      :microwaveprop_liveview_hot_path_events,
+      [
+        distribution("microwaveprop.propagation.scores_at.duration.milliseconds",
+          event_name: [:microwaveprop, :propagation, :scores_at, :stop],
+          measurement: :duration,
+          unit: {:native, :millisecond},
+          reporter_options: [buckets: default_buckets()]
+        ),
+        distribution("microwaveprop.propagation.point_forecast.duration.milliseconds",
+          event_name: [:microwaveprop, :propagation, :point_forecast, :stop],
+          measurement: :duration,
+          unit: {:native, :millisecond},
+          reporter_options: [buckets: default_buckets()]
+        ),
+        distribution("microwaveprop.propagation.point_detail.duration.milliseconds",
+          event_name: [:microwaveprop, :propagation, :point_detail, :stop],
+          measurement: :duration,
+          unit: {:native, :millisecond},
+          reporter_options: [buckets: default_buckets()]
+        ),
+        distribution("microwaveprop.propagation.daily_outlook_at.duration.milliseconds",
+          event_name: [:microwaveprop, :propagation, :daily_outlook_at, :stop],
+          measurement: :duration,
+          unit: {:native, :millisecond},
+          reporter_options: [buckets: default_buckets()]
+        )
+      ]
+    )
+  end
+
+  defp cache_hit_events do
+    Event.build(
+      :microwaveprop_cache_hit_events,
+      [
+        counter("microwaveprop.propagation.scores_at.cache.count",
+          event_name: [:microwaveprop, :propagation, :scores_at, :cache],
+          tags: [:hit],
+          description: "ScoreCache hit/miss for the map's scores_at fetch"
+        )
+      ]
+    )
+  end
+
   defp db_batch_events do
     Event.build(
       :microwaveprop_db_batch_events,
diff --git a/lib/microwaveprop/propagation.ex b/lib/microwaveprop/propagation.ex
index 3f33c74f..1f7f92b3 100644
--- a/lib/microwaveprop/propagation.ex
+++ b/lib/microwaveprop/propagation.ex
@@ -249,23 +249,24 @@ defmodule Microwaveprop.Propagation do
   @spec scores_at(non_neg_integer(), DateTime.t() | nil, map() | nil) ::
           [%{lat: float(), lon: float(), score: non_neg_integer(), valid_time: DateTime.t()}]
   def scores_at(band_mhz, valid_time, bounds \\ nil) do
-    time = valid_time || earliest_valid_time(band_mhz)
+    Microwaveprop.Instrument.span([:propagation, :scores_at], %{band_mhz: band_mhz}, fn ->
+      time = valid_time || earliest_valid_time(band_mhz)
 
-    case time do
-      nil ->
-        []
-
-      _ ->
-        scores_at_fetch(band_mhz, time, bounds)
-    end
+      case time do
+        nil -> []
+        _ -> scores_at_fetch(band_mhz, time, bounds)
+      end
+    end)
   end
 
   defp scores_at_fetch(band_mhz, time, bounds) do
     case ScoreCache.fetch_bounds(band_mhz, time, bounds) do
       {:ok, scores} ->
+        :telemetry.execute([:microwaveprop, :propagation, :scores_at, :cache], %{}, %{hit: true})
         Enum.map(scores, &Map.put(&1, :valid_time, time))
 
       :miss ->
+        :telemetry.execute([:microwaveprop, :propagation, :scores_at, :cache], %{}, %{hit: false})
         read_from_disk_and_cache(band_mhz, time, bounds)
     end
   end
@@ -341,34 +342,40 @@ defmodule Microwaveprop.Propagation do
   @spec daily_outlook_at(float(), float(), keyword()) ::
           [%{date: Date.t(), peak_score: non_neg_integer()}]
   def daily_outlook_at(lat, lon, opts \\ []) do
-    band_mhz = Keyword.get(opts, :band_mhz, 10_000)
-    days = Keyword.get(opts, :days, 7)
-    today = DateTime.to_date(DateTime.utc_now())
-    horizon = Date.add(today, days - 1)
+    Microwaveprop.Instrument.span([:propagation, :daily_outlook_at], %{}, fn ->
+      band_mhz = Keyword.get(opts, :band_mhz, 10_000)
+      days = Keyword.get(opts, :days, 7)
+      today = DateTime.to_date(DateTime.utc_now())
+      horizon = Date.add(today, days - 1)
 
-    band_mhz
-    |> point_forecast(lat, lon)
-    |> Enum.group_by(fn entry ->
-      DateTime.to_date(entry.valid_time)
+      band_mhz
+      |> point_forecast(lat, lon)
+      |> Enum.group_by(fn entry ->
+        DateTime.to_date(entry.valid_time)
+      end)
+      |> Enum.filter(fn {date, _} ->
+        Date.compare(date, today) != :lt and Date.compare(date, horizon) != :gt
+      end)
+      |> Enum.map(fn {date, entries} ->
+        %{date: date, peak_score: entries |> Enum.map(& &1.score) |> Enum.max()}
+      end)
+      |> Enum.sort_by(& &1.date, Date)
     end)
-    |> Enum.filter(fn {date, _} -> Date.compare(date, today) != :lt and Date.compare(date, horizon) != :gt end)
-    |> Enum.map(fn {date, entries} ->
-      %{date: date, peak_score: entries |> Enum.map(& &1.score) |> Enum.max()}
-    end)
-    |> Enum.sort_by(& &1.date, Date)
   end
 
   @doc "Get scores across all forecast hours for a single grid point (for sparkline)."
   @spec point_forecast(non_neg_integer(), float(), float()) ::
           [%{valid_time: DateTime.t(), score: non_neg_integer()}]
   def point_forecast(band_mhz, lat, lon) do
-    {snapped_lat, snapped_lon} = snap_to_grid(lat, lon)
-    now = DateTime.utc_now()
+    Microwaveprop.Instrument.span([:propagation, :point_forecast], %{band_mhz: band_mhz}, fn ->
+      {snapped_lat, snapped_lon} = snap_to_grid(lat, lon)
+      now = DateTime.utc_now()
 
-    case ScoreCache.valid_times(band_mhz) do
-      [] -> point_forecast_from_store(band_mhz, snapped_lat, snapped_lon, now)
-      cached -> point_forecast_from_cache(band_mhz, snapped_lat, snapped_lon, now, cached)
-    end
+      case ScoreCache.valid_times(band_mhz) do
+        [] -> point_forecast_from_store(band_mhz, snapped_lat, snapped_lon, now)
+        cached -> point_forecast_from_cache(band_mhz, snapped_lat, snapped_lon, now, cached)
+      end
+    end)
   end
 
   defp point_forecast_from_store(band_mhz, lat, lon, now) do
@@ -428,6 +435,12 @@ defmodule Microwaveprop.Propagation do
           }
           | nil
   def point_detail(band_mhz, lat, lon, valid_time \\ nil) do
+    Microwaveprop.Instrument.span([:propagation, :point_detail], %{band_mhz: band_mhz}, fn ->
+      do_point_detail(band_mhz, lat, lon, valid_time)
+    end)
+  end
+
+  defp do_point_detail(band_mhz, lat, lon, valid_time) do
     {snapped_lat, snapped_lon} = snap_to_grid(lat, lon)
     time = valid_time || latest_valid_time(band_mhz)
 
diff --git a/lib/microwaveprop/qrz/client.ex b/lib/microwaveprop/qrz/client.ex
index d5e8c01e..3722113c 100644
--- a/lib/microwaveprop/qrz/client.ex
+++ b/lib/microwaveprop/qrz/client.ex
@@ -82,23 +82,25 @@ defmodule Microwaveprop.Qrz.Client do
   defp handle_lookup_result({:error, _} = error, _, _), do: error
 
   defp do_request(params) do
-    config = Application.get_env(:microwaveprop, __MODULE__, [])
+    Microwaveprop.Instrument.span([:qrz, :request], %{}, fn ->
+      config = Application.get_env(:microwaveprop, __MODULE__, [])
 
-    req_opts =
-      [url: @url, params: params]
-      |> maybe_add_plug(config)
-      |> maybe_add_retry(config)
+      req_opts =
+        [url: @url, params: params]
+        |> maybe_add_plug(config)
+        |> maybe_add_retry(config)
 
-    case Req.get(req_opts) do
-      {:ok, %{status: 200, body: body}} ->
-        {:ok, body}
+      case Req.get(req_opts) do
+        {:ok, %{status: 200, body: body}} ->
+          {:ok, body}
 
-      {:ok, %{status: status}} ->
-        {:error, "HTTP #{status}"}
+        {:ok, %{status: status}} ->
+          {:error, "HTTP #{status}"}
 
-      {:error, reason} ->
-        {:error, "Request failed: #{inspect(reason)}"}
-    end
+        {:error, reason} ->
+          {:error, "Request failed: #{inspect(reason)}"}
+      end
+    end)
   end
 
   defp maybe_add_plug(opts, config) do
diff --git a/lib/microwaveprop/space_weather/swpc_client.ex b/lib/microwaveprop/space_weather/swpc_client.ex
index 7a58a069..c9d8d396 100644
--- a/lib/microwaveprop/space_weather/swpc_client.ex
+++ b/lib/microwaveprop/space_weather/swpc_client.ex
@@ -150,18 +150,20 @@ defmodule Microwaveprop.SpaceWeather.SwpcClient do
   # ---------- Shared HTTP / parsing helpers ----------
 
   defp fetch_and_parse(path, parser) do
-    url = @base_url <> path
+    Microwaveprop.Instrument.span([:swpc, :fetch], %{path: path}, fn ->
+      url = @base_url <> path
 
-    case Req.get(url, [receive_timeout: @default_timeout_ms] ++ req_options()) do
-      {:ok, %{status: 200, body: body}} ->
-        parser.(body)
+      case Req.get(url, [receive_timeout: @default_timeout_ms] ++ req_options()) do
+        {:ok, %{status: 200, body: body}} ->
+          parser.(body)
 
-      {:ok, %{status: status, body: body}} ->
-        {:error, "SWPC HTTP #{status}: #{inspect(body)}"}
+        {:ok, %{status: status, body: body}} ->
+          {:error, "SWPC HTTP #{status}: #{inspect(body)}"}
 
-      {:error, reason} ->
-        {:error, "SWPC request failed: #{inspect(reason)}"}
-    end
+        {:error, reason} ->
+          {:error, "SWPC request failed: #{inspect(reason)}"}
+      end
+    end)
   end
 
   defp decode_array(body) when is_binary(body) do
diff --git a/lib/microwaveprop/terrain/srtm.ex b/lib/microwaveprop/terrain/srtm.ex
index 54075dd5..432c7039 100644
--- a/lib/microwaveprop/terrain/srtm.ex
+++ b/lib/microwaveprop/terrain/srtm.ex
@@ -23,6 +23,12 @@ defmodule Microwaveprop.Terrain.Srtm do
 
   @spec download_tile(float(), float(), String.t()) :: {:ok, String.t()} | {:error, term()}
   def download_tile(lat, lon, tiles_dir) do
+    Microwaveprop.Instrument.span([:srtm, :download_tile], %{lat: lat, lon: lon}, fn ->
+      do_download_tile(lat, lon, tiles_dir)
+    end)
+  end
+
+  defp do_download_tile(lat, lon, tiles_dir) do
     filename = tile_filename(lat, lon)
     lat_dir = String.slice(filename, 0, 3)
     url = "#{@base_url}/#{lat_dir}/#{filename}.gz"
diff --git a/lib/microwaveprop/weather/grib2/wgrib2.ex b/lib/microwaveprop/weather/grib2/wgrib2.ex
index 472acc04..8897e29c 100644
--- a/lib/microwaveprop/weather/grib2/wgrib2.ex
+++ b/lib/microwaveprop/weather/grib2/wgrib2.ex
@@ -32,11 +32,17 @@ defmodule Microwaveprop.Weather.Grib2.Wgrib2 do
   """
   @spec extract_grid(binary(), String.t(), grid_spec()) :: {:ok, point_grid()} | {:error, term()}
   def extract_grid(grib_binary, match_pattern, grid_spec) do
-    if available?() do
-      extract_with_wgrib2(grib_binary, match_pattern, grid_spec)
-    else
-      {:error, :wgrib2_not_available}
-    end
+    Microwaveprop.Instrument.span(
+      [:wgrib2, :extract_grid],
+      %{bytes: byte_size(grib_binary)},
+      fn ->
+        if available?() do
+          extract_with_wgrib2(grib_binary, match_pattern, grid_spec)
+        else
+          {:error, :wgrib2_not_available}
+        end
+      end
+    )
   end
 
   @doc """
@@ -47,11 +53,13 @@ defmodule Microwaveprop.Weather.Grib2.Wgrib2 do
   @spec extract_grid_from_file(Path.t(), String.t(), grid_spec()) ::
           {:ok, point_grid()} | {:error, term()}
   def extract_grid_from_file(grib_path, match_pattern, grid_spec) do
-    if available?() do
-      extract_file_with_wgrib2(grib_path, match_pattern, grid_spec)
-    else
-      {:error, :wgrib2_not_available}
-    end
+    Microwaveprop.Instrument.span([:wgrib2, :extract_grid_from_file], %{}, fn ->
+      if available?() do
+        extract_file_with_wgrib2(grib_path, match_pattern, grid_spec)
+      else
+        {:error, :wgrib2_not_available}
+      end
+    end)
   end
 
   @doc """
@@ -73,11 +81,13 @@ defmodule Microwaveprop.Weather.Grib2.Wgrib2 do
           (%{String.t() => float()} -> term())
         ) :: {:ok, %{{float(), float()} => term()}} | {:error, term()}
   def extract_grid_from_file_mapped(grib_path, match_pattern, grid_spec, cell_reducer) do
-    if available?() do
-      extract_file_mapped_with_wgrib2(grib_path, match_pattern, grid_spec, cell_reducer)
-    else
-      {:error, :wgrib2_not_available}
-    end
+    Microwaveprop.Instrument.span([:wgrib2, :extract_grid_from_file_mapped], %{}, fn ->
+      if available?() do
+        extract_file_mapped_with_wgrib2(grib_path, match_pattern, grid_spec, cell_reducer)
+      else
+        {:error, :wgrib2_not_available}
+      end
+    end)
   end
 
   @doc "Check if wgrib2 is available on the system."
diff --git a/lib/microwaveprop/weather/hrrr_client.ex b/lib/microwaveprop/weather/hrrr_client.ex
index 9e8ff3c7..9a68a61e 100644
--- a/lib/microwaveprop/weather/hrrr_client.ex
+++ b/lib/microwaveprop/weather/hrrr_client.ex
@@ -417,7 +417,14 @@ defmodule Microwaveprop.Weather.HrrrClient do
   def download_grib_ranges(_url, []), do: {:ok, <<>>}
 
   def download_grib_ranges(url, ranges) do
-    # Check local cache first (dev only)
+    Microwaveprop.Instrument.span(
+      [:hrrr, :download_grib_ranges],
+      %{range_count: length(ranges)},
+      fn -> do_download_grib_ranges(url, ranges) end
+    )
+  end
+
+  defp do_download_grib_ranges(url, ranges) do
     cache_key = url_to_cache_key(url, ranges)
 
     case read_cache(cache_key) do
@@ -426,14 +433,18 @@ defmodule Microwaveprop.Weather.HrrrClient do
         {:ok, binary}
 
       :miss ->
-        case download_grib_ranges_remote(url, ranges) do
-          {:ok, binary} = ok ->
-            write_cache(cache_key, binary)
-            ok
+        download_and_cache_grib_ranges(url, ranges, cache_key)
+    end
+  end
 
-          error ->
-            error
-        end
+  defp download_and_cache_grib_ranges(url, ranges, cache_key) do
+    case download_grib_ranges_remote(url, ranges) do
+      {:ok, binary} = ok ->
+        write_cache(cache_key, binary)
+        ok
+
+      error ->
+        error
     end
   end
 
diff --git a/lib/microwaveprop/weather/iem_client.ex b/lib/microwaveprop/weather/iem_client.ex
index 9c7cac22..b7c40d87 100644
--- a/lib/microwaveprop/weather/iem_client.ex
+++ b/lib/microwaveprop/weather/iem_client.ex
@@ -90,18 +90,20 @@ defmodule Microwaveprop.Weather.IemClient do
 
   @spec fetch_iemre(float(), float(), Date.t()) :: {:ok, [map()]} | {:error, term()}
   def fetch_iemre(lat, lon, date) do
-    url = iemre_url(lat, lon, date)
+    Microwaveprop.Instrument.span([:iem, :fetch_iemre], %{}, fn ->
+      url = iemre_url(lat, lon, date)
 
-    case Req.get(url, req_options()) do
-      {:ok, %{status: 200, body: body}} ->
-        {:ok, parse_iemre_json(body)}
+      case Req.get(url, req_options()) do
+        {:ok, %{status: 200, body: body}} ->
+          {:ok, parse_iemre_json(body)}
 
-      {:ok, %{status: status}} ->
-        {:error, "IEM IEMRE HTTP #{status}"}
+        {:ok, %{status: status}} ->
+          {:error, "IEM IEMRE HTTP #{status}"}
 
-      {:error, reason} ->
-        {:error, reason}
-    end
+        {:error, reason} ->
+          {:error, reason}
+      end
+    end)
   end
 
   defp req_options do
diff --git a/lib/microwaveprop/weather/mrms_client.ex b/lib/microwaveprop/weather/mrms_client.ex
index 0780bdca..553bcfde 100644
--- a/lib/microwaveprop/weather/mrms_client.ex
+++ b/lib/microwaveprop/weather/mrms_client.ex
@@ -29,6 +29,10 @@ defmodule Microwaveprop.Weather.MrmsClient do
   """
   @spec list_latest(non_neg_integer()) :: {:ok, [listing_entry()]} | {:error, term()}
   def list_latest(limit \\ 10) do
+    Microwaveprop.Instrument.span([:mrms, :list_latest], %{}, fn -> do_list_latest(limit) end)
+  end
+
+  defp do_list_latest(limit) do
     case Req.get(@base_url, req_options()) do
       {:ok, %{status: 200, body: body}} ->
         entries =
@@ -130,16 +134,18 @@ defmodule Microwaveprop.Weather.MrmsClient do
     # the URL ends in .gz. No gunzip step needed.
     url = @base_url <> filename
 
-    case Req.get(url, req_options()) do
-      {:ok, %{status: 200, body: body}} when is_binary(body) ->
-        {:ok, body}
+    Microwaveprop.Instrument.span([:mrms, :download], %{}, fn ->
+      case Req.get(url, req_options()) do
+        {:ok, %{status: 200, body: body}} when is_binary(body) ->
+          {:ok, body}
 
-      {:ok, %{status: status}} ->
-        {:error, {:http_status, status}}
+        {:ok, %{status: status}} ->
+          {:error, {:http_status, status}}
 
-      {:error, reason} ->
-        {:error, reason}
-    end
+        {:error, reason} ->
+          {:error, reason}
+      end
+    end)
   end
 
   defp write_temp(grib_bytes) do
diff --git a/lib/microwaveprop/weather/ncei_metar_client.ex b/lib/microwaveprop/weather/ncei_metar_client.ex
index 7eb21039..6ca63d3e 100644
--- a/lib/microwaveprop/weather/ncei_metar_client.ex
+++ b/lib/microwaveprop/weather/ncei_metar_client.ex
@@ -23,19 +23,21 @@ defmodule Microwaveprop.Weather.NceiMetarClient do
   """
   @spec fetch(String.t(), pos_integer(), pos_integer()) :: {:ok, [map()]} | {:error, term()}
   def fetch(icao, year, month) do
-    month_str = month |> Integer.to_string() |> String.pad_leading(2, "0")
-    url = "#{@base_url}/#{year}/#{month_str}/asos-5min-#{icao}-#{year}#{month_str}.dat"
+    Microwaveprop.Instrument.span([:ncei, :fetch_metar], %{station: icao}, fn ->
+      month_str = month |> Integer.to_string() |> String.pad_leading(2, "0")
+      url = "#{@base_url}/#{year}/#{month_str}/asos-5min-#{icao}-#{year}#{month_str}.dat"
 
-    case Req.get(url, receive_timeout: 60_000) do
-      {:ok, %{status: 200, body: body}} ->
-        {:ok, parse(body)}
+      case Req.get(url, receive_timeout: 60_000) do
+        {:ok, %{status: 200, body: body}} ->
+          {:ok, parse(body)}
 
-      {:ok, %{status: status}} ->
-        {:error, "NCEI 5-min HTTP #{status}"}
+        {:ok, %{status: status}} ->
+          {:error, "NCEI 5-min HTTP #{status}"}
 
-      {:error, reason} ->
-        {:error, reason}
-    end
+        {:error, reason} ->
+          {:error, reason}
+      end
+    end)
   end
 
   @doc """
diff --git a/lib/microwaveprop/weather/rtma_client.ex b/lib/microwaveprop/weather/rtma_client.ex
index 6ebb3fd3..495c2af2 100644
--- a/lib/microwaveprop/weather/rtma_client.ex
+++ b/lib/microwaveprop/weather/rtma_client.ex
@@ -35,6 +35,14 @@ defmodule Microwaveprop.Weather.RtmaClient do
   """
   @spec fetch_observation(float(), float(), DateTime.t()) :: {:ok, map()} | {:error, term()}
   def fetch_observation(lat, lon, timestamp) do
+    Microwaveprop.Instrument.span(
+      [:rtma, :fetch_observation],
+      %{},
+      fn -> do_fetch_observation(lat, lon, timestamp) end
+    )
+  end
+
+  defp do_fetch_observation(lat, lon, timestamp) do
     # RTMA runs every hour with 15-min updates; round to nearest hour
     valid_time = %{DateTime.truncate(timestamp, :second) | minute: 0, second: 0}
     rlat = Float.round(lat * 40) / 40
diff --git a/lib/microwaveprop/weather/solar_client.ex b/lib/microwaveprop/weather/solar_client.ex
index d0500f9f..1fc42889 100644
--- a/lib/microwaveprop/weather/solar_client.ex
+++ b/lib/microwaveprop/weather/solar_client.ex
@@ -8,18 +8,20 @@ defmodule Microwaveprop.Weather.SolarClient do
 
   @spec fetch_solar_indices() :: {:ok, [map()]} | {:error, term()}
   def fetch_solar_indices do
-    req_options = Application.get_env(:microwaveprop, :solar_req_options, [])
+    Microwaveprop.Instrument.span([:solar, :fetch_indices], %{}, fn ->
+      req_options = Application.get_env(:microwaveprop, :solar_req_options, [])
 
-    case Req.get(@gfz_url, [receive_timeout: 120_000, retry: false] ++ req_options) do
-      {:ok, %{status: 200, body: body}} ->
-        {:ok, parse_gfz_file(body)}
+      case Req.get(@gfz_url, [receive_timeout: 120_000, retry: false] ++ req_options) do
+        {:ok, %{status: 200, body: body}} ->
+          {:ok, parse_gfz_file(body)}
 
-      {:ok, %{status: status}} ->
-        {:error, "HTTP #{status}"}
+        {:ok, %{status: status}} ->
+          {:error, "HTTP #{status}"}
 
-      {:error, reason} ->
-        {:error, reason}
-    end
+        {:error, reason} ->
+          {:error, reason}
+      end
+    end)
   end
 
   @spec filter_since([map()], Date.t()) :: [map()]
diff --git a/lib/microwaveprop/workers/mechanism_classify_worker.ex b/lib/microwaveprop/workers/mechanism_classify_worker.ex
index b30163cb..2c513a81 100644
--- a/lib/microwaveprop/workers/mechanism_classify_worker.ex
+++ b/lib/microwaveprop/workers/mechanism_classify_worker.ex
@@ -42,17 +42,19 @@ defmodule Microwaveprop.Workers.MechanismClassifyWorker do
 
   @impl Oban.Worker
   def perform(%Oban.Job{args: %{"contact_id" => contact_id}}) do
-    case Repo.get(Contact, contact_id) do
-      nil ->
-        :ok
+    Microwaveprop.Instrument.span([:worker, :mechanism_classify], %{contact_id: contact_id}, fn ->
+      case Repo.get(Contact, contact_id) do
+        nil ->
+          :ok
 
-      %Contact{pos1: p1, pos2: p2} = contact when is_map(p1) and is_map(p2) ->
-        classify_and_persist(contact)
+        %Contact{pos1: p1, pos2: p2} = contact when is_map(p1) and is_map(p2) ->
+          classify_and_persist(contact)
 
-      contact ->
-        mark_status(contact, :unavailable, nil, nil)
-        :ok
-    end
+        contact ->
+          mark_status(contact, :unavailable, nil, nil)
+          :ok
+      end
+    end)
   end
 
   defp classify_and_persist(%Contact{} = contact) do
diff --git a/lib/microwaveprop/workers/mrms_fetch_worker.ex b/lib/microwaveprop/workers/mrms_fetch_worker.ex
index 5212f1a0..ce2166ff 100644
--- a/lib/microwaveprop/workers/mrms_fetch_worker.ex
+++ b/lib/microwaveprop/workers/mrms_fetch_worker.ex
@@ -17,22 +17,24 @@ defmodule Microwaveprop.Workers.MrmsFetchWorker do
 
   @impl Oban.Worker
   def perform(%Oban.Job{}) do
-    case MrmsClient.fetch_latest(MrmsCache.valid_time()) do
-      {:ok, valid_time, grid} ->
-        MrmsCache.broadcast_put(valid_time, grid)
+    Microwaveprop.Instrument.span([:worker, :mrms_fetch], %{}, fn ->
+      case MrmsClient.fetch_latest(MrmsCache.valid_time()) do
+        {:ok, valid_time, grid} ->
+          MrmsCache.broadcast_put(valid_time, grid)
 
-        Logger.info("MrmsFetch: cached #{map_size(grid)} cells at #{valid_time} (#{count_rainy(grid)} with rain)")
+          Logger.info("MrmsFetch: cached #{map_size(grid)} cells at #{valid_time} (#{count_rainy(grid)} with rain)")
 
-        :ok
+          :ok
 
-      {:up_to_date, valid_time} ->
-        Logger.debug("MrmsFetch: cache already has #{valid_time}")
-        :ok
+        {:up_to_date, valid_time} ->
+          Logger.debug("MrmsFetch: cache already has #{valid_time}")
+          :ok
 
-      {:error, reason} ->
-        Logger.warning("MrmsFetch: skipped — #{inspect(reason)}")
-        :ok
-    end
+        {:error, reason} ->
+          Logger.warning("MrmsFetch: skipped — #{inspect(reason)}")
+          :ok
+      end
+    end)
   end
 
   defp count_rainy(grid) do
diff --git a/lib/microwaveprop/workers/terrain_profile_worker.ex b/lib/microwaveprop/workers/terrain_profile_worker.ex
index 77406d11..9dbccd9d 100644
--- a/lib/microwaveprop/workers/terrain_profile_worker.ex
+++ b/lib/microwaveprop/workers/terrain_profile_worker.ex
@@ -18,12 +18,14 @@ defmodule Microwaveprop.Workers.TerrainProfileWorker do
 
   @impl Oban.Worker
   def perform(%Oban.Job{args: %{"contact_id" => contact_id}}) do
-    if Terrain.has_terrain_profile?(contact_id) do
-      Radio.set_enrichment_status!([contact_id], :terrain_status, :complete)
-      :ok
-    else
-      analyse_terrain(contact_id)
-    end
+    Microwaveprop.Instrument.span([:worker, :terrain_profile], %{contact_id: contact_id}, fn ->
+      if Terrain.has_terrain_profile?(contact_id) do
+        Radio.set_enrichment_status!([contact_id], :terrain_status, :complete)
+        :ok
+      else
+        analyse_terrain(contact_id)
+      end
+    end)
   end
 
   defp analyse_terrain(contact_id) do